Kesedaran Fonemik - Pengenalan

Apakah itu Kesedaran Fonemik?

Kesedaran Fonemik (phonemic awareness) adalah kebolehan untuk mengenalpasti, mendengar dan manipulasi satu-satu bunyi huruf di dalam percakapan (spoken words). Iaitu dalam sesuatu perkataan itu terdapat bunyi-bunyi asas yang boleh digabungkan dan dipisahkan.


Contoh: perkataan bawa
terdiri daripada bunyi asas /b/ /a/ /w/ /a/ = bawa
adalah gabungan bunyi /ba/ /wa/ = bawa
huruf di antara tanda slash / / menunjukkan bunyi, contoh /b/ = beh dan bukannya nama huruf (abjad) itu iaitu b.

Kajian dari pakar-pakar bahasa di Amerika Syarikat dan United Kingdom telah membuktikan bahawa kesedaran fonemik adalah petanda awal untuk anak-anak boleh membaca.

Menurut Adams, 1990 dan Stanovich, 1986:
" A child's level of phonemic awareness is widely held to be the strongest single determinant of the success that she or he will experience in learning to read."

Ball & Blachman 1991, pula berpendapat:
" Research clearly shows that phonemic awareness can be developed through instruction, and, furthermore, that doing so significantly accelerates children subsequent reading and writing achievement."

National Institute of Health, US dalam kajiannya mendapati:
" Lack of phonemic awareness is the most powerful determinant and root cause of failure to learn to read."

Fonemik adalah berasal dari perkataan fonem.

Mengikut Kamus Dewan Bahasa, fonem ialah:
Unit bunyi yang terkecil yang boleh membezakan makna kata.

Fonemik pula adalah satu kajian linguistik tentang fonem.


Bagaimana pula dengan Fonik (Phonics)?

Fonik (phonics) adalah kaitan antara bentuk dan bunyi huruf serta kemahiran untuk menggabungkan bunyi-bunyi huruf tersebut untuk membentuk sukukata, perkataan dan seterusnya ayat.

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Sila baca artikel berikut untuk mengetahui dengan lebih lanjut mengenai Phonemic Awareness yang saya perolehi daripada hhtp://www.readingrockets.org

By: Partnership for Reading (2001)

Phonemic awareness is the ability to identify, hear, and manipulate the individual sounds in spoken words. Manipulating the sounds in words includes blending, stretching, or otherwise changing words.

Before children learn to read print, they need to become aware of how the sounds in words work. They must understand that words are made up of speech sounds, or phonemes.

Phonemes are the smallest parts of sound in a spoken word that make a difference in the word's meaning. For example, changing the first phoneme in the word hat from /h/ to /p/ changes the word from hat to pat, and so changes the meaning. (A letter between slash marks shows the phoneme, or sound, that the letter represents, and not the name of the letter. For example, the letter h represents the sound /h/.)

Children can show us that they have phonemic awareness in several ways, including:

• recognizing which words in a set of words begin with the same sound

  ("Bell, bike, and boy all have /b/ at the beginning.")

• isolating and saying the first or last sound in a word

  ("The beginning sound of dog is /d/." "The ending sound of sit is /t/.")

• combining, or blending the separate sounds in a word to say the word

  ("/m/, /a/, /p/ – map.")

• breaking, or segmenting a word into its separate sounds

  ("up – /u/, /p/.")

Adapted from: Put Reading First : The Research Building Blocks for Teaching Children to Read.

Terms in teaching reading which are important and related :

Phonological Awareness:
Refers to understanding of sounds used in our language, ranging from big chunks of sound (words), to smaller chunks (syllables) and eventually to phonemic awareness (every sound within a syllable).

Both phonemic awareness and phonological awareness are auditory processing skills. Therefore, they can (and should) be taught before letters are introduced.

Phonics :
The goal of teaching phonics is to link the individual sounds to letters, and to make that process fluent and automatic, for both reading and spelling. In other words, phonics teaches students symbol-to-sound and sound-to-symbol.

But for phonics to work, a student must first have solid phonological awareness and phonemic awareness.